GSESS8H3 | American Revolution
Analyze the role of Georgia in the American Revolutionary Era.
a. Explain the causes of the American Revolution as they impacted Georgia; include the French and Indian War, Proclamation of 1763, and the Stamp Act.
b. Interpret the three parts of the Declaration of Independence (preamble, grievances, and declaration) and identify the three Georgia signers of the document.
c. Analyze the significance of the Loyalists and Patriots as a part of Georgia’s role in the Revolutionary War; include the Battle of Kettle Creek and Siege of Savannah.
d. Analyze the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how those weaknesses led to the writing of a new federal Constitution.
b. Interpret the three parts of the Declaration of Independence (preamble, grievances, and declaration) and identify the three Georgia signers of the document.
c. Analyze the significance of the Loyalists and Patriots as a part of Georgia’s role in the Revolutionary War; include the Battle of Kettle Creek and Siege of Savannah.
d. Analyze the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how those weaknesses led to the writing of a new federal Constitution.
- What were the causes of the American Revolution and how did those causes impact GA?
- What is the purpose of each section of the Declaration of Independence?
- Which Georgians signed the Declaration of Independence?
- What is the significance of the Loyalists and Patriots in GA during the Revolutionary War?
- What did the Battle of Kettle Creek & Siege of Savannah have to do with GA in the Revolutionary War?
- What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and how did those weaknesses lead to the Constitution?
The Lessons
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STANDARD & ELEMENTS VERSION
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STORY BOOK FORM VERSION
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Vocabulary & Content Review
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VIDEOS IN THE LESSON
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H3.a - Causes of the AR, French & Indian War, Proc. of 1763 & Stamp Act
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H3.b - Declaration of Independence & GA Signers
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H3.c - Loyalists & Patriots, Battle of Kettle Creek & Siege of Savannah
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H3.d - Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation & Federal Constitution
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The Story | GeorgiaStandards.org
The intent of this standard is for students to gain a better understanding of the events that led to the Revolutionary War and the significant people and events of the war in Georgia.
When compared to other colonies, such as Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, Georgia the youngest, smallest, and poorest colony, played a relatively minor role during the American Revolutionary War period. For instance, Georgia was the only colony to sell stamps during the Stamp Act crisis and did not send a representative to the First Continental Congress in 1774. Once Georgia joined the patriot cause, the city of Savannah was easily recaptured by the British in 1778, and for all intents and purposes, Georgia’s coastal cities remained firmly in British hands for the remainder of the war.
However, there was much more to the Revolutionary period in Georgia than the traditional narrative describes. Georgia’s revolutionary history includes men and women who challenged British authority at a potential cost to themselves, their families, and their businesses. Taking a side would place these men and women in difficult circumstances. Several of these men and women (Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart) were featured in our standards in the past. While they are no longer a focus of our standards, they can be used as examples of Georgia heroes and legends of this time period.
GSESS8H3.a
The traditional immediate and long-term causes of the Revolution did not have the same impact on Georgia as they did on other colonies. For example, the French and Indian War (1754-1763), a conflict between France and England for control of the rich fur region of the Ohio River valley, was fought far from Georgia’s borders and initially had a very small impact on the state. However, after the British won the French and Indian War, which was part of a larger worldwide war called the Seven Years War, the British obtained Canada and all land west to the Mississippi River. Though the colony was not directly involved, Georgia’s borders expanded to the St. Mary’s River to the South, the Mississippi River to the West, and land around Augusta to the North. Due to the economic cost of this war, there were two important events that led to conflict between Britain and its colonies. The first was the Proclamation of 1763, and the second was a series of taxes, including the Stamp Act (1765), that led to colonial discontent.
The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III and forbade colonists from settling lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation was issued in order to stabilize relations between Great Britain and the American Indian tribes who lived in the river valley. Because the British were virtually bankrupt from the Seven Years War, they could not afford to fight another costly war with the American Indians over territory. However, the colonists, many of whom participated in the war in hopes of gaining new western lands, were extremely upset by the Proclamation of 1763. In fact, many colonists simply ignored the Proclamation and settled in the river valley anyway.
The people of Georgia did not share the same reactions to the Proclamation of 1763 for two reasons. First, the young Georgia colony was small and most colonists were still nestled on the Georgia coastline, with major trade routes and ports. Secondly, Georgia gained land and resources from the Spanish and their American Indian allies after the French and Indian war. This new land was located south of the line drawn by the Proclamation of 1763, opening new coastal lands on which Georgians could settle.
Due to the debt that the war caused the British government, members of Parliament believed that the colonists should be responsible for taking on some of the financial burden by paying new taxes. Up to that point, the British government had traditionally left the role of tax collection to the Colonial Assemblies. After the French and Indian War, colonists were being directly taxed for the first time without colonial “representation” in the British Parliament. This led to protests throughout the colonies.
One of the earliest and most controversial taxes was the Stamp Act of 1765. This act put a direct tax on items that were commonly used by almost every colonist, including newspapers, licenses, and legal documents. Reaction to this act in the colonies was swift and often violent. Colonial leaders made formal speeches against the act and joined to form the Stamp Act Congress. Average citizens reacted more violently and protested by hanging effigies of Parliamentary leaders and royal governors, attacking the homes of British officials, and tarring and feathering tax collectors. Some of these citizens, mainly from the middle and upper classes, joined a group called the “Sons of Liberty” in response to these taxes. Eventually, due to colonial pressure, the British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but issued other acts to collect taxes. These acts caused even more discontent and set the stage for the Revolutionary War.
Due to Georgia’s small population, strong royal governor (James Wright), and economic dependence on Great Britain, its response to the Stamp Act was not as violent as it was in other colonies. In fact, Georgia was the only colony where a small number of stamps were sold. Nonetheless, there was some resistance to the Stamp Act. Several prominent Georgians spoke out against this act and on November 6, 1765, a group affiliated with the Sons of Liberty called the “Liberty Boys” was established to oppose the Stamp Act.
GSESS8H3.b
The Declaration of Independence was the document officially declaring the colonies’ independence from Great Britain. It was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The declaration was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.
By July 1776 in Georgia, Royal Governor James Wright had been ousted from power and the colony was under the rule of the Patriots. Three Georgians, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton, attended the Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the Georgia colony.
Note: When examining the signatures on the Declaration of Independence, one may notice that, almost symbolizing the separation Georgia had from the other colonies throughout much of the early Revolutionary Period, the signatures of Georgia’s three representatives are isolated on the far-left hand corner of the document.
The Declaration of Independence is a document that is divided into three parts. The first part, the Preamble, explains to the reader about the natural rights of all people (though this has been debated), states the reasons for the document, and includes the famous quote “We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
The second part includes a list of grievances against King George III including “imposing taxes without our consent” and “quartering large bodies of troops among us.” The list details why the colonies deemed independence necessary.
The final part is the actual “declaration of independence” and is where the colonists officially severed ties from Great Britain, the mother country.
Note: Students should also understand that the patriots who signed this document, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin, put their lives on the line. Their signing the document made them officially guilty of treason. Had Britain won the war, these men would more than likely have been executed as traitors to their country.
Three men signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the Georgia colony.
Button Gwinnett (1735-1777) was born in England and arrived in Georgia in 1765. Upon arriving in Georgia, he bought St. Catherine’s Island (Mary Musgrove’s former home). Gwinnett became involved in Georgia politics in 1769, though financial troubles caused him to withdraw from public life in 1773. During the Revolutionary War Period, Gwinnett reentered the political scene, and in 1776 was selected to attend the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. As a member of the Congress, he strongly supported independence from England. Upon his return from Philadelphia, he was instrumental in the creation and passage of the Georgia Constitution of 1777. He also became embedded in a political rivalry with Lachlan McIntosh, which would prove to be deadly. After McIntosh publicly criticized Gwinnett, Gwinnett challenged him to a dual. The dual took place in May 1777. Both men shot one another; however, Gwinnett’s wounds were fatal. He died on May 19, 1777. Gwinnett County was named in his honor. Because Gwinnett died shortly after signing the Declaration of Independence, he is the signer with the fewest known signatures in existence today. Because he died so young, Gwinnett’s signature is highly sought after by autograph enthusiasts. In 2010, a letter he wrote sold for $722,500.
Lyman Hall (1734-1790) was born in Wallingford, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale University and became an ordained minister in 1747, but after several controversies regarding his ministry, he moved south to practice medicine. Hall moved to Georgia in 1760. Hall was the only Georgia representative in the Second Continental Congress in 1775. Though he participated in debates, he abstained from voting because he did not represent the entire state. Once Gwinnett and Walton joined him in 1776, he voted for independence from England and signed the Declaration. Upon returning to Georgia, Hall was elected Governor in 1783 and was instrumental in the founding of the University of Georgia. Hall County was named in his honor.
Declaration
George Walton (1749?-1804) was arguably the most politically successful of Georgia’s three signers. Walton was born in Virginia around 1749. He moved to Georgia in 1769, and established himself as one of the most successful lawyers in the colony. In 1776, he was appointed as a representative to the Second Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence.
Upon returning to Georgia, Walton served in the Georgia militia and was eventually captured by the British. After being released in a prisoner exchange, Walton was elected governor of Georgia. His first term was short lived, as he was elected to Congress after serving as governor for two months. Following the war, Walton served as Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court, a second term as governor in 1789, as an U.S. Senator, and finally as a superior court judge. Walton died February 2, 1804. Walton County was named in his honor.
GSESS8H3.c
The Loyalists, as their name implies, were loyal to Britain and did not want the colonies to break away from the mother country. Because many Georgians prospered under royal leadership, many were reluctant to rise up against Britain. Many influential colonial Georgians remained loyal to Britain including Royal Governor James Wright, landowner Thomas Brown, and minister John J. Zubly. Some, such as Brown, took up arms against their fellow Georgians who sided with the Patriots. Most of the Loyalist landowners forfeited their land to the Patriots and left Georgia after the war. Loyalists were also called Tories.
Patriots were outnumbered by the Loyalists in the Georgia colony. However, as other colonies experienced Britain’s wrath after multiple Tea Parties and the Intolerable Acts, Georgia radicals were moved to action, many joining the Liberty Boys. Leading the charge included John Houstoun, George Walton, Archibald Bulloch and Noble W. Jones. By publishing a broadside (a sizable sheet of paper printed on one side) inviting Georgians to a meeting at Tondee’s Tavern on July 27, 1774, these men were encouraging others to join the radical movement in the colony. Georgians were more interested, however, in providing a strong British presence on Georgia’s frontier as protection against the American Indians. They were still concerned that South Carolina would cut off trade if they did not remain “radical” enough. As the war progressed, Georgia fell into the hands of Britain as had Philadelphia and New York. Loyalist spies and their outnumbered status confounded the Patriots, but they stood their ground. Enjoying a boost in morale after experiencing military success at Kettle Creek, the Patriots were able to take control of British-held Augusta.
Though the Battle of Kettle Creek was not as important as other major American victories such as Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown, this battle raised the morale of the Georgia Patriots, replenished much needed supplies, and set the stage for several victories in the southern back country toward the end of the Revolutionary War.
The Battle of Kettle Creek took place on February 14, 1779. The Georgia militia, led by Elijah Clarke and Thomas Dooly, attacked an encampment of 600 British Loyalists. Though outnumbered, the Patriots routed the Loyalist troops, bringing rejuvenation to the Patriot cause after several prior defeats. Based on their heroic actions in the battle, both Clarke and Austin Dabney (a slave who served in the Georgia militia) became Georgia heroes.
In 1778, the British recaptured Savannah making Georgia the only colony to be officially retaken by the British during the war. In reality, there were “two” Georgia’s during the war: The Patriot-held countryside and the British held cities of Augusta and Savannah. In October 1779, a joint force of French and Patriot troops attacked Savannah in hopes of retaking the city. This attack was a dismal failure. After five days of intense shelling from French ships and Patriot batteries, little damage was done to the British military but several civilians in the city were killed. When the French and American troops finally attacked the city, they were easily defeated by the British troops. When the fighting ended, over 800 allied troops were killed compared to 18 British soldiers. Savannah stayed in British hands until 1782.
Though the Siege of Savannah was a failure for the Patriots, several American heroes emerged from the battle. One was Count Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who was killed leading a charge. Another hero, Sergeant William Jasper, was also killed while attacking a British position. Additionally, a group of black soldiers from Haiti heroically protected the allied retreat and saving hundreds of allied soldiers’ lives in the process.
GSESS8H3.d
America’s first written constitution was not the Constitution that we have today but another document called the Articles of Confederation (AOC). The AOC, which served as America’s constitution from 1776-1789, provided Americans with an extremely weak central government. This stems from the Americans’ experience with Britain’s monarchy and their goal to give as much power as they could to the “people” through the autonomy of the states. Nevertheless, the AOC had too many limitations that hindered the smooth functioning of the government.
Some of the powers the national government had under the AOC:
• Declare war;
• Coin money;
• Establish post offices; and
• Send and recall Ambassadors.
Some of the powers the national government did not have under the AOC:
• Levy (impose) taxes to fund the government (the national government had to ask states for support); and,
• Could not regulate the trade of goods between the states (states could place tariffs on each other).
Some of the more serious weaknesses of the articles included:
• A strong legislative branch and no executive or judicial branches;
• Each state had its own currency;
• All 13 states had to approve a law for it to pass; and,
• One vote per state no matter the size of the state’s population.
In 1787, the nation’s founders realized that the Articles of Confederation were far too weak to effectively govern the country, especially with the continual threat of attack from the European powers and the American Indians. In addition, states were constantly bickering about land and sea rights and in some cases almost coming to blows due to their disagreements. Since the national government could not raise revenue to support itself, it could not maintain an Army and Navy or build roads and canals. Due to the fact that all thirteen states had to agree on any legislation, the United States government had a difficult time passing laws. Finally, there was no “separation of powers,” as the government under the AOC did not have an executive or judicial branch.
These weaknesses caused many of the nation’s most important leaders, including Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin, to consider revising or even completely discarding the AOC in order to create a new constitution. In 1787, representatives from all 13 states met to do just that.
While most in attendance believed that the proceedings would simply revamp the AOC, when they departed, they had created a new constitution that has been the law of the land for over 200 years. Though there were several important people, events, and compromises that occurred during the Constitutional Convention, the most important were the Three-fifths Compromise, a compromise agreed upon by the North and the South which allowed for slaves to count toward a state’s overall population by counting slaves as “3/5 of a person,” and the Great Compromise which created a bicameral legislature where each state had two members in the Senate but representation in the House of Representatives was based on the state’s population.
The Role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention
Georgians played two important roles during the Constitutional Convention. The first role was their unrelenting support of slavery. Based on the united stance of the southern delegates, including the delegates from Georgia, in favor of allowing states to include slaves in their population count, the members of the Constitutional Convention agreed upon the Three-Fifths Compromise. While this provided a temporary resolution to the slavery issue, it was the beginning of a great and lasting divide between the North and the South that would later lead to war.
The second important contribution was from Abraham Baldwin. He is given credit for changing his vote to side with the “small states” in the Congressional representation debate. This decision evened the numbers for and against the Virginia Plan and allowed for the Great Compromise to be determined. Baldwin claimed that this act was one of his greatest accomplishments.
Abraham Baldwin (1754-1807) was a native of Connecticut. A graduate of Theology from Yale University, Baldwin served as a chaplain in the U.S. Army during the American Revolution. After the war, he became a lawyer. Baldwin moved to Georgia in 1784 where he became a successful politician. In 1787, he was one of four Georgians sent to the Constitutional Convention and one of two who signed the document. Starting in 1789, Baldwin served 5 terms as a U.S. Congressman and later two terms as a U.S. Senator. He died in office in 1807. However, Baldwin is probably most famous for his role in the creation of the University of Georgia and his position as the University’s first president (1786-1801). Due to Baldwin’s influence, it has been said that many of the early building on the campus of the University of Georgia were modeled after buildings found at his alma mater Yale.
William Few, Jr. (1748-1828) was a soldier, signer of the U.S. Constitution, judge, and legislator for two states. Born in North Carolina, Few’s family moved to Georgia in the mid-1770s. Few fought in the American Revolution, served as a state legislator, and was appointed as one of Georgia’s representatives to the Constitutional Convention. Though he did not make much of an impression during the proceedings, following the Convention, he had a successful political and private career in two states. When he lived in Georgia, he served as one of the state’s senators, a state representative, and as a judge. In 1799, due to the urging of his wife who was a native New Yorker, he moved to New York City where he became a member of the New York legislature for four years as well as a bank president. Few lived the remainder of his life in New York. Interestingly, in 1976, to honor the nation’s bicentennial, Few’s remains were moved back to Georgia.
When compared to other colonies, such as Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, Georgia the youngest, smallest, and poorest colony, played a relatively minor role during the American Revolutionary War period. For instance, Georgia was the only colony to sell stamps during the Stamp Act crisis and did not send a representative to the First Continental Congress in 1774. Once Georgia joined the patriot cause, the city of Savannah was easily recaptured by the British in 1778, and for all intents and purposes, Georgia’s coastal cities remained firmly in British hands for the remainder of the war.
However, there was much more to the Revolutionary period in Georgia than the traditional narrative describes. Georgia’s revolutionary history includes men and women who challenged British authority at a potential cost to themselves, their families, and their businesses. Taking a side would place these men and women in difficult circumstances. Several of these men and women (Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart) were featured in our standards in the past. While they are no longer a focus of our standards, they can be used as examples of Georgia heroes and legends of this time period.
GSESS8H3.a
The traditional immediate and long-term causes of the Revolution did not have the same impact on Georgia as they did on other colonies. For example, the French and Indian War (1754-1763), a conflict between France and England for control of the rich fur region of the Ohio River valley, was fought far from Georgia’s borders and initially had a very small impact on the state. However, after the British won the French and Indian War, which was part of a larger worldwide war called the Seven Years War, the British obtained Canada and all land west to the Mississippi River. Though the colony was not directly involved, Georgia’s borders expanded to the St. Mary’s River to the South, the Mississippi River to the West, and land around Augusta to the North. Due to the economic cost of this war, there were two important events that led to conflict between Britain and its colonies. The first was the Proclamation of 1763, and the second was a series of taxes, including the Stamp Act (1765), that led to colonial discontent.
The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III and forbade colonists from settling lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation was issued in order to stabilize relations between Great Britain and the American Indian tribes who lived in the river valley. Because the British were virtually bankrupt from the Seven Years War, they could not afford to fight another costly war with the American Indians over territory. However, the colonists, many of whom participated in the war in hopes of gaining new western lands, were extremely upset by the Proclamation of 1763. In fact, many colonists simply ignored the Proclamation and settled in the river valley anyway.
The people of Georgia did not share the same reactions to the Proclamation of 1763 for two reasons. First, the young Georgia colony was small and most colonists were still nestled on the Georgia coastline, with major trade routes and ports. Secondly, Georgia gained land and resources from the Spanish and their American Indian allies after the French and Indian war. This new land was located south of the line drawn by the Proclamation of 1763, opening new coastal lands on which Georgians could settle.
Due to the debt that the war caused the British government, members of Parliament believed that the colonists should be responsible for taking on some of the financial burden by paying new taxes. Up to that point, the British government had traditionally left the role of tax collection to the Colonial Assemblies. After the French and Indian War, colonists were being directly taxed for the first time without colonial “representation” in the British Parliament. This led to protests throughout the colonies.
One of the earliest and most controversial taxes was the Stamp Act of 1765. This act put a direct tax on items that were commonly used by almost every colonist, including newspapers, licenses, and legal documents. Reaction to this act in the colonies was swift and often violent. Colonial leaders made formal speeches against the act and joined to form the Stamp Act Congress. Average citizens reacted more violently and protested by hanging effigies of Parliamentary leaders and royal governors, attacking the homes of British officials, and tarring and feathering tax collectors. Some of these citizens, mainly from the middle and upper classes, joined a group called the “Sons of Liberty” in response to these taxes. Eventually, due to colonial pressure, the British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but issued other acts to collect taxes. These acts caused even more discontent and set the stage for the Revolutionary War.
Due to Georgia’s small population, strong royal governor (James Wright), and economic dependence on Great Britain, its response to the Stamp Act was not as violent as it was in other colonies. In fact, Georgia was the only colony where a small number of stamps were sold. Nonetheless, there was some resistance to the Stamp Act. Several prominent Georgians spoke out against this act and on November 6, 1765, a group affiliated with the Sons of Liberty called the “Liberty Boys” was established to oppose the Stamp Act.
GSESS8H3.b
The Declaration of Independence was the document officially declaring the colonies’ independence from Great Britain. It was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The declaration was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.
By July 1776 in Georgia, Royal Governor James Wright had been ousted from power and the colony was under the rule of the Patriots. Three Georgians, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton, attended the Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the Georgia colony.
Note: When examining the signatures on the Declaration of Independence, one may notice that, almost symbolizing the separation Georgia had from the other colonies throughout much of the early Revolutionary Period, the signatures of Georgia’s three representatives are isolated on the far-left hand corner of the document.
The Declaration of Independence is a document that is divided into three parts. The first part, the Preamble, explains to the reader about the natural rights of all people (though this has been debated), states the reasons for the document, and includes the famous quote “We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
The second part includes a list of grievances against King George III including “imposing taxes without our consent” and “quartering large bodies of troops among us.” The list details why the colonies deemed independence necessary.
The final part is the actual “declaration of independence” and is where the colonists officially severed ties from Great Britain, the mother country.
Note: Students should also understand that the patriots who signed this document, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin, put their lives on the line. Their signing the document made them officially guilty of treason. Had Britain won the war, these men would more than likely have been executed as traitors to their country.
Three men signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the Georgia colony.
Button Gwinnett (1735-1777) was born in England and arrived in Georgia in 1765. Upon arriving in Georgia, he bought St. Catherine’s Island (Mary Musgrove’s former home). Gwinnett became involved in Georgia politics in 1769, though financial troubles caused him to withdraw from public life in 1773. During the Revolutionary War Period, Gwinnett reentered the political scene, and in 1776 was selected to attend the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. As a member of the Congress, he strongly supported independence from England. Upon his return from Philadelphia, he was instrumental in the creation and passage of the Georgia Constitution of 1777. He also became embedded in a political rivalry with Lachlan McIntosh, which would prove to be deadly. After McIntosh publicly criticized Gwinnett, Gwinnett challenged him to a dual. The dual took place in May 1777. Both men shot one another; however, Gwinnett’s wounds were fatal. He died on May 19, 1777. Gwinnett County was named in his honor. Because Gwinnett died shortly after signing the Declaration of Independence, he is the signer with the fewest known signatures in existence today. Because he died so young, Gwinnett’s signature is highly sought after by autograph enthusiasts. In 2010, a letter he wrote sold for $722,500.
Lyman Hall (1734-1790) was born in Wallingford, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale University and became an ordained minister in 1747, but after several controversies regarding his ministry, he moved south to practice medicine. Hall moved to Georgia in 1760. Hall was the only Georgia representative in the Second Continental Congress in 1775. Though he participated in debates, he abstained from voting because he did not represent the entire state. Once Gwinnett and Walton joined him in 1776, he voted for independence from England and signed the Declaration. Upon returning to Georgia, Hall was elected Governor in 1783 and was instrumental in the founding of the University of Georgia. Hall County was named in his honor.
Declaration
George Walton (1749?-1804) was arguably the most politically successful of Georgia’s three signers. Walton was born in Virginia around 1749. He moved to Georgia in 1769, and established himself as one of the most successful lawyers in the colony. In 1776, he was appointed as a representative to the Second Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence.
Upon returning to Georgia, Walton served in the Georgia militia and was eventually captured by the British. After being released in a prisoner exchange, Walton was elected governor of Georgia. His first term was short lived, as he was elected to Congress after serving as governor for two months. Following the war, Walton served as Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court, a second term as governor in 1789, as an U.S. Senator, and finally as a superior court judge. Walton died February 2, 1804. Walton County was named in his honor.
GSESS8H3.c
The Loyalists, as their name implies, were loyal to Britain and did not want the colonies to break away from the mother country. Because many Georgians prospered under royal leadership, many were reluctant to rise up against Britain. Many influential colonial Georgians remained loyal to Britain including Royal Governor James Wright, landowner Thomas Brown, and minister John J. Zubly. Some, such as Brown, took up arms against their fellow Georgians who sided with the Patriots. Most of the Loyalist landowners forfeited their land to the Patriots and left Georgia after the war. Loyalists were also called Tories.
Patriots were outnumbered by the Loyalists in the Georgia colony. However, as other colonies experienced Britain’s wrath after multiple Tea Parties and the Intolerable Acts, Georgia radicals were moved to action, many joining the Liberty Boys. Leading the charge included John Houstoun, George Walton, Archibald Bulloch and Noble W. Jones. By publishing a broadside (a sizable sheet of paper printed on one side) inviting Georgians to a meeting at Tondee’s Tavern on July 27, 1774, these men were encouraging others to join the radical movement in the colony. Georgians were more interested, however, in providing a strong British presence on Georgia’s frontier as protection against the American Indians. They were still concerned that South Carolina would cut off trade if they did not remain “radical” enough. As the war progressed, Georgia fell into the hands of Britain as had Philadelphia and New York. Loyalist spies and their outnumbered status confounded the Patriots, but they stood their ground. Enjoying a boost in morale after experiencing military success at Kettle Creek, the Patriots were able to take control of British-held Augusta.
Though the Battle of Kettle Creek was not as important as other major American victories such as Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown, this battle raised the morale of the Georgia Patriots, replenished much needed supplies, and set the stage for several victories in the southern back country toward the end of the Revolutionary War.
The Battle of Kettle Creek took place on February 14, 1779. The Georgia militia, led by Elijah Clarke and Thomas Dooly, attacked an encampment of 600 British Loyalists. Though outnumbered, the Patriots routed the Loyalist troops, bringing rejuvenation to the Patriot cause after several prior defeats. Based on their heroic actions in the battle, both Clarke and Austin Dabney (a slave who served in the Georgia militia) became Georgia heroes.
In 1778, the British recaptured Savannah making Georgia the only colony to be officially retaken by the British during the war. In reality, there were “two” Georgia’s during the war: The Patriot-held countryside and the British held cities of Augusta and Savannah. In October 1779, a joint force of French and Patriot troops attacked Savannah in hopes of retaking the city. This attack was a dismal failure. After five days of intense shelling from French ships and Patriot batteries, little damage was done to the British military but several civilians in the city were killed. When the French and American troops finally attacked the city, they were easily defeated by the British troops. When the fighting ended, over 800 allied troops were killed compared to 18 British soldiers. Savannah stayed in British hands until 1782.
Though the Siege of Savannah was a failure for the Patriots, several American heroes emerged from the battle. One was Count Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who was killed leading a charge. Another hero, Sergeant William Jasper, was also killed while attacking a British position. Additionally, a group of black soldiers from Haiti heroically protected the allied retreat and saving hundreds of allied soldiers’ lives in the process.
GSESS8H3.d
America’s first written constitution was not the Constitution that we have today but another document called the Articles of Confederation (AOC). The AOC, which served as America’s constitution from 1776-1789, provided Americans with an extremely weak central government. This stems from the Americans’ experience with Britain’s monarchy and their goal to give as much power as they could to the “people” through the autonomy of the states. Nevertheless, the AOC had too many limitations that hindered the smooth functioning of the government.
Some of the powers the national government had under the AOC:
• Declare war;
• Coin money;
• Establish post offices; and
• Send and recall Ambassadors.
Some of the powers the national government did not have under the AOC:
• Levy (impose) taxes to fund the government (the national government had to ask states for support); and,
• Could not regulate the trade of goods between the states (states could place tariffs on each other).
Some of the more serious weaknesses of the articles included:
• A strong legislative branch and no executive or judicial branches;
• Each state had its own currency;
• All 13 states had to approve a law for it to pass; and,
• One vote per state no matter the size of the state’s population.
In 1787, the nation’s founders realized that the Articles of Confederation were far too weak to effectively govern the country, especially with the continual threat of attack from the European powers and the American Indians. In addition, states were constantly bickering about land and sea rights and in some cases almost coming to blows due to their disagreements. Since the national government could not raise revenue to support itself, it could not maintain an Army and Navy or build roads and canals. Due to the fact that all thirteen states had to agree on any legislation, the United States government had a difficult time passing laws. Finally, there was no “separation of powers,” as the government under the AOC did not have an executive or judicial branch.
These weaknesses caused many of the nation’s most important leaders, including Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin, to consider revising or even completely discarding the AOC in order to create a new constitution. In 1787, representatives from all 13 states met to do just that.
While most in attendance believed that the proceedings would simply revamp the AOC, when they departed, they had created a new constitution that has been the law of the land for over 200 years. Though there were several important people, events, and compromises that occurred during the Constitutional Convention, the most important were the Three-fifths Compromise, a compromise agreed upon by the North and the South which allowed for slaves to count toward a state’s overall population by counting slaves as “3/5 of a person,” and the Great Compromise which created a bicameral legislature where each state had two members in the Senate but representation in the House of Representatives was based on the state’s population.
The Role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention
Georgians played two important roles during the Constitutional Convention. The first role was their unrelenting support of slavery. Based on the united stance of the southern delegates, including the delegates from Georgia, in favor of allowing states to include slaves in their population count, the members of the Constitutional Convention agreed upon the Three-Fifths Compromise. While this provided a temporary resolution to the slavery issue, it was the beginning of a great and lasting divide between the North and the South that would later lead to war.
The second important contribution was from Abraham Baldwin. He is given credit for changing his vote to side with the “small states” in the Congressional representation debate. This decision evened the numbers for and against the Virginia Plan and allowed for the Great Compromise to be determined. Baldwin claimed that this act was one of his greatest accomplishments.
Abraham Baldwin (1754-1807) was a native of Connecticut. A graduate of Theology from Yale University, Baldwin served as a chaplain in the U.S. Army during the American Revolution. After the war, he became a lawyer. Baldwin moved to Georgia in 1784 where he became a successful politician. In 1787, he was one of four Georgians sent to the Constitutional Convention and one of two who signed the document. Starting in 1789, Baldwin served 5 terms as a U.S. Congressman and later two terms as a U.S. Senator. He died in office in 1807. However, Baldwin is probably most famous for his role in the creation of the University of Georgia and his position as the University’s first president (1786-1801). Due to Baldwin’s influence, it has been said that many of the early building on the campus of the University of Georgia were modeled after buildings found at his alma mater Yale.
William Few, Jr. (1748-1828) was a soldier, signer of the U.S. Constitution, judge, and legislator for two states. Born in North Carolina, Few’s family moved to Georgia in the mid-1770s. Few fought in the American Revolution, served as a state legislator, and was appointed as one of Georgia’s representatives to the Constitutional Convention. Though he did not make much of an impression during the proceedings, following the Convention, he had a successful political and private career in two states. When he lived in Georgia, he served as one of the state’s senators, a state representative, and as a judge. In 1799, due to the urging of his wife who was a native New Yorker, he moved to New York City where he became a member of the New York legislature for four years as well as a bank president. Few lived the remainder of his life in New York. Interestingly, in 1976, to honor the nation’s bicentennial, Few’s remains were moved back to Georgia.
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